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Yellow-headed amazon
The yellow-headed amazon (''Amazona oratrix''), also known as the yellow-headed parrot and double yellow-headed amazon, is an endangered amazon parrot of Mexico and northern Central America. Measuring in length, it is a stocky short-tailed green parrot with a yellow head. It prefers to live in mangrove forests or forests near rivers or other bodies of water. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of the yellow-crowned amazon. It is a popular pet and an excellent talker.
==Taxonomy==
This species is part of the ''Amazona ochrocephala'' complex, which also includes the yellow-naped amazon (''A. auropalliata''). This complex, "a taxonomic headache", is considered a single species by some authorities and split into three species by others. The split is mainly based on the amount of yellow in the plumage, the color of the legs and bill, the proximity of ''A. oratrix'' and ''A. auropalliata'' in Oaxaca, Mexico, without apparent interbreeding,〔Binford, L. 1989. ''A distributional survey of the birds of the Mexican state of Oaxaca.'' Orn. Monographs. 43: 1-418.〕 and the presence of both ''A. ochrocephala'' and ''A. auropalliata'' in northern Honduras.〔Monroe, B., JR., & T. Howell. 1966. ''Geographic variation in Middle American parrots of the Amazona ochrocephala complex.'' Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, no. 34. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.〕 This evaluation has, however, been confused by misunderstandings regarding the plumage variations in the populations in northern Honduras, where birds vary greatly in amount of yellow on the head, crown and nape, but have pale bills and a juvenile plumage matching ''A. oratrix'', but neither ''A. ochrocephala'' nor ''A. auropalliata''.〔〔Lousada, S., & S. Howell. 1996. ''Distribution, variation, and conservation of Yellow-headed Parrots in northern Central America.'' Cotinga 5: 46-53.〕 In 1997, the population from the Sula Valley in northern Honduras was described as a new subspecies, ''hondurensis'', of ''A. oratrix''.〔Lousada, S., & S. Howell. 1997. ''Amazona oratrix hondurensis: A new subspecies of parrot from the Sula Valley of northern Honduras.'' Bull. BOC 117: 203-223.〕 ''A. auropalliata caribaea'' on the Islas de la Bahía, which is relatively close to the recently described ''A. oratrix hondurensis'', may have a relatively pale lower mandible, indicating that gene flow may occur between the two.〔Lousada, S. 1989. ''Amazona auropalliata caribaea: A new subspecies of parrot from the Bay Islands, northern Honduras.'' Bull. BOC 109: 232-235.〕 If confirmed, this could suggest that the two are better considered conspecific. Alternatively, it has been suggested that ''caribaea'' and ''parvipes'', both typically considered subspecies of ''A. auropalliata'', may be closer to ''A. oratrix'' than they are to the nominate ''A. auropalliata''. Both are relatively small and have red on the shoulder like ''A. oratrix'', but unlike nominate ''A. auropalliata.''〔〔 The members of this complex are known to hybridize in captivity,〔 and recent phylogenetic analysis of DNA did not support the split into the three "traditional" biological species, but did reveal three clades, which potentially could be split into three phylogenetic species: a Mexican and Central American species (including ''panamensis'', which extends slightly into South America), a species of northern South America, and a species from the southern Amazon Basin. The Central American clade can potentially be split further, with ''panamensis'' (Panama amazon) and ''tresmariae'' (Tres Marías amazon) recognized as two monotypic species.〔Eberhard, J., & E. Bermingham. 2004. ''Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Amazona ochrocephala (Aves: Psittacidae) Complex.'' Auk 121(2): 318-332〕〔Russello, M. A., & Amato, G. (2004). ''A molecular phylogeny of Amazona: implications for Neotropical parrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation.'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30(2): 421-437〕〔Ribas, C. C., Tavares, E. S., Yoshihara, C., & Miyaki C. Y. (2007). ''Phylogeny and biogeography of yellow-headed and blue-fronted parrots (Amazona ochrocephala and Amazona aestiva) with special reference to the South American taxa.'' Ibis 149: 564-574〕
According to the traditional split, ''A. oratrix'' includes the taxa ''tresmariae'' (from Tres Marías Islands), ''belizensis'' (from Belize) and ''hondurensis'' (from Sula Valley, Honduras) as subspecies.〔 An additional subspecies, ''magna'', has sometimes been recognized for the population on the Gulf slope of Mexico, but today most authorities consider it invalid, instead including this population in ''oratrix'', which also occurs on the Pacific slope of Mexico.〔〔〔Clements, J. 2007. ''The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World.'' Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1〕 In contrast, the population in north-western Honduras and adjacent eastern Guatemala (near Puerto Barrios), which resembles ''A. oratrix belizensis'' and commonly is included in that subspecies, may represent an undescribed subspecies. It has sometimes been referred to as ''guatemalensis'',〔Juniper, T., & M. Parr. 1998. ''A Guide to the Parrots of the World.'' Pica Press, East Sussex. ISBN 1-873403-40-2〕 but until this population is officially described, the name remains provisional.
The origin of the common epithet "''double'' yellow-headed" is that this species is differentiated from the others in the yellow-headed amazon complex by possessing both the yellow nape and yellow crown of its two close relatives, hence a "double-yellow" head.
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